The detailed survey conducted by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton at the beginning of the 19th century under the orders of the East India Company on the public life, economy, and topography of North Bengal is an invaluable document of the history of this region. His descriptions provide a perfect picture of the dense forests, the evolution of the agricultural system, and the lifestyle of the common people in the then-Dinajpur and Rangpur regions. In particular, his observations regarding the changing courses of North Bengal's rivers and ancient ruins remain highly reliable to researchers today. Buchanan was not merely a government official; his sharp eyes captured the unique characteristics of North Bengal's social structure and indigenous settlements, which help us understand the transformation of this region during the colonial period.